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Causes: Projects such as sea reclamation by hydraulic filling and mountain excavation with valley filling create large-area soft foundations, which suffer from problems such as low bearing capacity, long consolidation time, high compressibility, and sand liquefaction, and may even cause equipment to sink and become unable to operate.

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• Vacuum preloading method: Uses atmospheric negative pressure to create a pressure differential that drives soil drainage and consolidation. No additional surcharge is required; total stress remains unchanged while pore water pressure decreases, and lateral deformation converges inward. It is suitable for sites sensitive to loading rates or with strict surrounding environment restrictions.
• Surcharge preloading method: Increases total stress by applying external loads in stages (such as earthwork or sand-gravel), promoting the dissipation of pore water pressure. Loading rates must be strictly controlled to avoid foundation instability. It is suitable for projects with clear load requirements and relatively relaxed schedules.
• Vacuum + surcharge combined preloading method: Integrates the synergistic action of negative and positive pressure; vacuum preloading provides a stable initial consolidation foundation, and superimposed surcharge can further enhance the reinforcement effect. Combining high efficiency and safety, it can meet higher design standards and is the preferred solution for large-area soft foundation treatment.
• Dewatering preloading method: Increases effective stress in the soil by lowering the groundwater level, combined with drainage bodies to strengthen drainage paths. It is suitable for strata with relatively good permeability and can be used in conjunction with other methods to improve efficiency.

Dynamic Drainage Consolidation Method

• Dewatering dynamic compaction method: Implements dynamic compaction after lowering the groundwater level through dewatering measures, reducing pore water pressure buildup and enhancing the efficiency of tamping energy transfer. It is suitable for soft soil strata with high groundwater levels.
• Static-dynamic drainage consolidation method: Integrates the advantages of static preloading and dynamic tamping; preliminary consolidation is first achieved through static loading preloading, then dynamic impact strengthens drainage and densification effects, balancing reinforcement depth and uniformity.
• DPD dynamic compaction method: Uses specialized equipment to control tamping energy and frequency, synchronized with a drainage system (such as plastic drainage boards), achieving "dynamic impact - immediate drainage" synergy and improving reinforcement efficiency.
• DCD dynamic compaction method (deep cement mixing pile-assisted dynamic compaction): Uses cement-soil piles to form a rigid skeleton, then activates pile-soil synergy through dynamic compaction. It is suitable for highly compressible soft soil and miscellaneous fill strata.
• Light wellpoint with plastic drainage board reinforcement method: Combines light wellpoint dewatering with plastic drainage boards to build a three-dimensional drainage network, paired with low-energy dynamic compaction to promote rapid consolidation of shallow soft soil. It is suitable for vibration-sensitive surrounding environments.
• Indirect staged relay drainage consolidation method: Applies dynamic loads in stages to gradually expand the influence range of drainage paths, using a "relay transmission" effect to achieve deep soil consolidation and reduce reinforcement blind spots.

• Vibro-compaction method: Relies on horizontal vibration generated by a high-frequency vibrator to rearrange particles in loose sandy soil, reducing voids and achieving reinforcement through self-densification. It is suitable for treating non-cohesive strata such as loose sand and silt; no additional filler is required, and foundation densification can be achieved solely through vibration energy.
• Vibro-replacement method: During vibration, hard materials such as crushed stone and cobble are fed into the foundation to form high-strength piles that together with the surrounding soil constitute a composite foundation. By replacing soft soil and utilizing vibration compaction effects, it significantly improves foundation bearing capacity and is suitable for treating soft strata such as cohesive soil and mucky soil.
• Dry vibroflotation foundation reinforcement technology: Abandons the water-jet assistance of traditional vibroflotation and directly achieves soil densification through high-frequency vibration and mechanical extrusion, avoiding stratum disturbance or moisture content increase caused by water jetting. It is especially suitable for water-sensitive strata (such as collapsible loess and expansive soil) and combines environmental friendliness with construction efficiency.

A foundation treatment method that improves the physical and mechanical properties of soil by mixing solidifying agents into the soil tomeet engineering requirements.

• Shallow solidification treatment
  For soft soil layers at a certain depth below the surface (usually ≤3m), thesolidifying agent is uniformly mixed with the soil through mechanical stirring, manual spreading, and other methods to form a shallow reinforcement layer.It is suitable for shallow foundation treatment scenarios such as roadbed cushion layers and site leveling, featuring convenient construction and relatively low cost.
• Deep solidification treatment
  For deep (usually >3m) soft foundations, deep mixing or permeation cementation of solidifying agents with soil is achieved through specialized equipment.

• Dynamic compaction method: Uses heavy hammers (usually 10-40t) falling freely from height (6-30m) to generate powerful impact energy for strong compaction of soil. It is suitable for treating gravelly soil, sandy soil, low-saturation cohesive soil, and the like.
• Impact compaction method: Uses the periodic impact load of an impact roller (impact force up to several thousand kN) to continuously roll and densify the foundation. It is mostly used for large-area shallow treatment such as roadbeds and site leveling.
• Vibratory rolling method: Uses the high-frequency vibration of a vibratory roller (usually 20-50Hz) to liquefy and densify soil particles. It is suitable for strata prone to vibration densification such as loose sand and silt.

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