Mine ecological restoration: refers to the restoration of mine ecological problems such as geological safety hazards, land damage, and vegetation destruction caused by mineral resource extraction activities, relying on natural forces or through artificial intervention measures, so that the mine geological environment is stabilized, damaged land is reclaimed and utilized, and ecosystem functions are restored and improved.

      The mine ecological restoration work procedure generally includes five stages: basic investigation and problem identification, plan preparation, plan implementation, monitoring and maintenance, and effectiveness evaluation. The mine ecological restoration work flow is shown in the figure below.

I. Basic Investigation and Problem Identification

   Methods such as basic data collection, remote sensing surveys, field reconnaissance, engineering surveys, engineering investigations, and sample collection and analysis testing are used to conduct field investigations including regional natural ecological status surveys, mining area overview surveys, mine ecological problem surveys, and special surveys of major problems. A reference ecosystem for mine restoration is established, and then the current mine ecological status is compared with the reference ecosystem to identify the ecological and environmental problems of the current mine, thereby providing a basis for subsequent plan design.

  (1) Basic Investigation

  This mainly involves investigating the mine ecological status, primarily the mine's topography and landform types, stratigraphic lithology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, geological hazards, land use status and planning, soil texture, flora and fauna, waste, pollution overview, previous comprehensive treatment, and surrounding human engineering activities. In addition, special investigations are conducted on problems such as geological safety hazards, land damage and destruction, water resource damage, and ecological degradation caused by mining activities. Where water and soil environmental pollution in the mining area is involved, investigations should be carried out in accordance with relevant pollution prevention and control specifications. Sample collection mainly involves analyzing the soil texture (pH value, organic matter content, soil particle composition, etc.), geotechnical mechanical properties, pollutants, and pollution sources within the site through on-site sampling or drilling methods, providing a basis for subsequent problem identification and plan design.

   1. Investigation scope: fully reflect ecosystem integrity, comprehensively consider the geographical unit and ecological function space where the mine is located, focus on the area affected by mining activities, and may appropriately extend to surrounding areas.

   2. Investigation content

   2.1 Natural ecological status investigation. This includes the regional natural ecological conditions of the ecological unit where the mine is located, the mine geological environment conditions, and the mine ecological status.

   a) Regional natural ecological condition investigation includes climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation, ecosystem types, structure, and functions, as well as ecological function positioning, ecological protection red lines, important ecological sensitive areas, and nature reserves.

   b) Mine geological environment condition investigation includes topography and landforms, stratigraphic lithology, geological structure, hydrogeology, engineering geology, crustal surface bedrock, weathering crust, vadose zone, soil-forming parent material, and soil types. Implement according to DZ/T 0282 standard specifications.

   c) Mine ecological status investigation includes water bodies, soil, vegetation, and animals:

   1) Water bodies: water body types, spatial distribution, area, environmental quality and water temperature of water bodies, water level elevation and dynamic changes of water bodies, water resource utilization, etc.;

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