I. The challenge of engineering foundation stability under complex geological activity

Core challenge:To ensure the long-term stability of the foundations of core structures such as dams and powerhouses in a zone of strong plate activity, and to resist high-frequency geological disturbances and hydrodynamic scouring.

Key causes:

Core geotechnical concerns:How to clarify the deep rock mass structure (such as concealed faults and distribution of weak interlayers) through refined investigation, adopt dynamic design methods to optimize foundation forms (such as rock-socketed piles and caissons), and at the same time develop seepage control and scour resistance technologies adapted to high-stress environments (such as new grouting materials and scour-resistant revetment structures), so as to ensure the long-term bearing capacity of the foundation under geological activity and hydrodynamic action.

II. Construction safety and stability challenges of ultra-long tunnels crossing complex tectonic zones

Core challenge:The 35-kilometer giant diversion tunnel crosses 5 major fault zones and 72 secondary faults, and it is necessary to solve the problems of excavation stability, disaster warning, and support in broken rock masses.

Key causes:

Core geotechnical concerns:How to accurately locate faults and water-rich zones through advanced geological forecasting (drilling + geophysical prospecting + real-time monitoring); develop dynamic support systems adapted to broken zones (such as high-ductility shotcrete and yielding steel arches); establish a coordinated prevention and control mechanism for rockburst and high ground temperature, so as to ensure excavation efficiency while guaranteeing the long-term stability of the tunnel structure.

III. The challenge of preventing and controlling chain risks of geological disasters induced by engineering disturbance

Core challenge:To control the damage of engineering construction to the original geological balance and prevent landslides, debris flows, and other disasters from impacting the construction area and surrounding facilities.

Key causes:

Core geotechnical concerns:To build an integrated system of "monitoring - early warning - prevention and control," identify potential disaster sources through UAV aerial surveys + deep monitoring (borehole inclinometers, stress sensors); design targeted prevention and control works (such as anti-slide pile groups and lattice-type debris-retaining dams), and at the same time optimize excavation sequencing and spoil disposal sites to reduce disturbance to the original landform.

IV. The challenge of coordinating geotechnical engineering and ecological protection in ecologically fragile areas

Core challenge:To achieve the dual goals of engineering stability and ecological protection when carrying out large-scale geotechnical excavation and filling in extremely ecologically sensitive areas.

Key causes:

Core geotechnical concerns:To develop "eco-friendly" geotechnical technologies, such as using vegetation concrete (containing local grass seeds) for slope protection and stacked ecological bags to replace traditional retaining walls, so as to restore the ecological functions of the rock and soil surface while meeting anti-slide and scour resistance requirements; establish a dynamic monitoring mechanism for soil and water conservation during construction, and strictly control the disturbance range within ecological thresholds.

V. The challenge of performance deterioration of rock and soil masses under high-altitude freeze-thaw cycles

Core challenge:To cope with the freeze-thaw cycle effect on rock and soil masses caused by large diurnal temperature differences (which can exceed 20°C) and prevent the continuous decline of their physical and mechanical properties.

Key causes:

Core geotechnical concerns:To clarify the freeze-thaw characteristics of different rock and soil masses (such as frost heave ratio and thaw settlement coefficient) through laboratory tests and on-site monitoring; optimize foundation embedment depth and slope ratio, and adopt thermal insulation and seepage control composite structures (such as polystyrene boards + geomembranes) to block freeze-thaw paths; develop freeze-thaw-resistant grouting materials and support structures to enhance the deterioration resistance of rock and soil masses.

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